The Scotland-Europe Initiative was developed in response to a growing interest in the future relationship between the UK and the EU, which, 3 years post-Brexit, remains unsettled. The EU is undergoing substantial change, and closer to home, there are distinct Scottish issues and options. This Initiative will examine Scotland’s and the UK’s relations with Europe and the effects of Brexit on our daily life by exploring public policy issues such as trade and investment, energy policy, and migration. The main activities will consist of workshops to explore these issues in depth and offer possible policy solutions as well as filling gaps in knowledge. A series of outputs resulting from the workshops will be published.
Aims
Provide rigorous analysis of the issues, drawing on academic research done or underway;
Examine policy and institutional options for responding to the main challenges with innovative solutions;
Engage in a dialogue with government, business and civil society in Scotland about these;
Raise awareness of these issues and options among the general public;
Highlight distinctive Scottish implications of future relations with the EU and EU policy shifts.
Activities
9 March 2023
At a time of multiple intersecting international challenges and crises, including threats to globalisation, the Ukraine war, and the climate change crisis, the European Union is a key player in determining how the democratic western world responds.
Leading international commentator, Martin Wolf from the Financial Times, addressed how the EU is facing up to these systemic crises and where we go from here.
9 March 2023
The UK’s exit from the EU has raised a continuing and contentious debate about the prospects for the country’s economy, notably trade and investment. How far does the Trade and Cooperation Agreement support government plans to raise growth and productivity, invest in new green and digital technologies, and win a greater share of world trade? The UK – and Scottish – governments have drawn up their own plans for promoting clean technology and a “just” transition, but do they match those in mainland Europe? Are there distinctive, innovative solutions the public authorities and private companies should be seeking? In a world beset by inflation, near-recession, continuously rising inequality, war and the displacement of millions of people, will more barriers to trade and freedom of movement be erected? How can the UK overcome its entrenched productivity problem and skills shortages? And will there be a change of UK policy towards trade and the EU in year 4 (or 5) of Brexit? These were some of the questions addressed in the workshop.
13 April 2023
Since Brexit, the assumptions guiding energy policy in the UK and the EU have been challenged by events in Ukraine and their consequences. The commitment to lower carbons forms of energy and related instruments in the EU has been shown to be weak, and dependence on fossil fuels both pervasive and hazardous. Both the EU and the UK have scrambled to adapt and, in the medium term, have been likely to promote a very significant shift towards a much greener energy economy. Energy is not a devolved competence but statements by the Scottish Government make it clear that such an accelerated shift to renewables and newer forms of clean energy such as hydrogen is very much in line with its policy preference. In making this happen – at scale – new technologies and designs in wind farm construction and interconnectors will play a role. This workshop has considered:
How technology and investment can be mobilised to overcome the barriers created by space and distance for energy generation and trade between Scotland and its northern EU neighbours (the North Sea, for example).
How the regulatory framework for gas and electricity pricing can be further adapted to better reflect differences within the UK energy market, especially in Scotland.
15 May 2023
Brexit has meant the end of free movement between the UK and the EU countries (Ireland excepted). This workshop was focused on examining three particular issues:
1: Patterns of movement after Brexit and potential policies better attuned to labour market needs, including skills and labour shortages.
Immigration, citizenship and rights to work (reserved matters). All parties in the Scottish Parliament are in favour of inward migration for economic and demographic reasons and favour devolved powers in this field to meet Scotland’s distinct needs. The workshop also considered the long-standing debate about the possibilities for a differentiated migration system for Scotland under Brexit.
The needs of the Scottish labour market; attitudes to migration; and the possibilities within existing or extended competences for a distinct Scottish set of policies, including forward-looking frameworks for enhanced employment of EU nationals.
6 July 2023
Financial and professional services were left out of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement and subsequent negotiations on a MoU on financial regulation were stalled for two years but the UK-EU MoU has just been agreed and co-signed. The successful negotiation of the Windsor Framework to resolve issues in Northern Ireland holds out the prospect of the UK and the EU taking steps towards a new rapprochement here as in other fields. There is evidence that Scotland (and perhaps the City) is losing potential new jobs in the sector to other European cities following Brexit. What are the implications of the MoU and how will it fit with the Edinburgh Reforms and the promised Financial Services and Markets Bill, which will give effect to the UK Government’s proposals for regulatory reform? This workshop focused on the negotiation progress and the likely impact on Scottish/UK companies, the Scottish economy, and Scotland’s labour market.
28 September 2023
The Higher Education sector has found itself caught up in policy wars, from staff difficulties due to the international hiring practices to the delayed accession to Horizon Europe. Within Scotland, a positive approach both to EU citizens and to ERASMUS+ funding has created a different mood between government and the sector, but while the former issue lies outwith the Scottish Government’s powers, and the latter has not been reflected in budgetary allocations on the scale necessary-and indeed promised. This workshop focused on:
Horizon: the impact of non-accession and the effectiveness of UKRI and other mitigations
ERASMUS+: the costs and their challenges, solutions proposed and obstacles to those solutions; longer term risks and issues; the progress of the Welsh scheme
European networks: the European Academy, European Association of the Arts Social Science and Humanities, CIVIS: engagement since Brexit
The opportunities and limits of alignment as a third country and the practicable Scottish dimension to these
The EU staff and student experience
2 October 2023
Member states of the EU must adopt the same legal framework across a whole range of policy areas – from the environment to food labelling. The UK’s exit from the EU brought an end to that requirement for alignment, notwithstanding the terms of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.
Scottish Ministers nevertheless retain a policy commitment to align Scots law with EU law where possible. This workshop will examine the research being undertaken to monitor the extent of continued alignment of EU and UK and Scots law and policy, disclosing up-to-date findings.
The workshop will also reflect on ongoing research into monitoring the continued alignment with EU law and policy at Scottish and UK levels and will provide an opportunity for those attending.
3 October 2023
Brexit has dominated headlines in the United Kingdom for years. Yet the perspective has often been centred on British politics, leaving a big part of the story untold. How did the European Union (EU) respond to the Brexit vote? How did EU principles and processes shape the EU’s negotiating strategies? And how has Brexit in turn shaped today’s EU? This event brings together renowned observers and practitioners of Brexit from the European side to discuss these issues.
This event is held in partnership with the Europa Institute, University of Edinburgh.
24 October 2023
Borders take many forms: economic; jurisdictional; social; regulatory. The border between Scotland and the other UK nations has existed for centuries but its significance has changed. Brexit has placed a new border between the UK and the EU, but its effects will depend on how the TCA is adapted over time. The new Border Target Operating Model has been devised principally by the UK Government, but will be implemented by the Scottish and Welsh Governments at their external borders with the EU/NI.
Internal borders can matter too. The increased fiscal autonomy and social security responsibilities have reinforced the tax and benefits border between Scotland and the rest of the UK, whilst the UK Internal Market Act has diminished the significance of the regulatory border in other policy areas that fall within its scope.
Scottish independence in the EU would reduce the significance of the Scotland-EU border but would harden the Scottish border with England and Wales; the degree to which would be shaped by the development of the UK-EU relationship, over which, an independent Scottish Government would have no control. This workshop explored the nature and governance of borders under current and possible future scenarios.
23 November 2023
Environment and climate change policies have a strong international and European dimension. While there is no obligation under the TCA to align on these matters, there are provisions against regression and for dealing with future divergence in renegotiation. One focus of this workshop was divergence and cooperation between the UK and the EU.
The environment is a devolved matter but previously worked within EU frameworks. After some argument, these competences have reverted to Scotland but there is a high degree of interdependence with UK policy. There are no fundamental differences among EU, UK and Scottish environmental and climate change policies but there are differences in instruments and priorities. Within the UK, these issues are to be managed through common frameworks. Environmental issues also arise within the TCA and other international agreements, raising the question of how Scotland may have an input into these. Scotland has ambitious goals around climate change but it is not always clear that it has the competences to realise them at least on its own. Environmental policy is one field in which the Scottish Government aims to maintain dynamic alignment with EU regulations, potentially putting it at odds with the UK Government. This eighth workshop in the series examined how these issues are playing out and what might be done in the future.
4 December 2023
The EU/UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement does not cover foreign and security policy, but cooperation between the UK and European countries takes place through via non-EU means, including bilaterally and though NATO. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 increased ad hoc UK-EU coordination – including via the European Political Community (EPC) – but has not resulted in the creation of new institutional frameworks.
This workshop, held in partnership with the Europa Institute and the Scottish Council on Global Affairs, examined developments in foreign and security policy in recent years and explored current and proposed mechanisms for cooperation. It questioned how the UK-EU relationship is evolving, what can be done in intergovernmental spaces to aid cooperation, and what is missing from existing arrangements. It also evaluated the Scottish angle, looking at the distinctive Scottish interests and preferences in both foreign and security policy, including in energy and climate change, food security, development assistance, health cooperation, migration and asylum, human rights and cooperation in the Arctic and Nordic regions. Finally, discussions focused on existing and potential Scottish para-diplomatic activities in these areas and Scotland’s evolving relationship with the EU and its member states, as well as mechanisms for the input of the devolved administrations as UK-EU foreign and security policy cooperation evolves.
29 January 2024
The UK’s recent association to the EU’s Horizon Europe and Copernicus programmes has removed some uncertainty, but questions remain about its full involvement in research networks across Europe. UK researchers and institutes need to re-establish themselves as credible partners in networks and funding bids. Looking to the future, the correction mechanism for UK performance will bear monitoring and may play into broader questions about continued UK participation, not least its financial contribution after the current Horizon Europe funding programme comes to an end.
Research policy is a competence of the UK and Scottish Governments. The Scottish Government funds research through the Scottish Funding Council, through its own research spending and via grants (many administered by the RSE). In the future, questions will persist as to the distribution of research funds and devolved input to research policy. The RSE has been involved in discussions about bilateral research collaboration frameworks in Europe as a way of maintaining and strengthening networks in the context of Brexit. It also has a role in communicating awareness of opportunities in Europe for the research community. This workshop addressed these issues and explored the opportunities for Scotland.
28 February 2024
Agriculture is a devolved competence and post-Brexit the Scottish Government chose to make its own arrangements for replacing support payments to farmers which were previously governed through the European Common Agricultural Policy. The Agriculture and Rural Communities (Scotland) Bill was introduced to the Scottish Parliament on 28 September 2023. The Bill commits Scottish Government to consult on the nature of the support, the purposes of which are a) the adoption and use of sustainable and regenerative agricultural practices, b) the production of high-quality food, c) the facilitation of on-farm nature restoration, climate mitigation and adaptation, and d) enabling rural communities to thrive. Delivery will be achieved though development of a Rural Support plan.
This workshop, held in partnership with the Europa Institute and SEFARI, questioned the following: What lessons can Scotland learn from the challenges experienced in Europe when trying to implement the European Farm to Fork Strategy? Given the diversity of farming systems and rural contexts in Scotland, and Scottish Government’s commitment to a Just Transition, which key principles should be embedded in the development of the rural support plan, while avoiding over-complexity of delivery? The first draft Bill refers to the production of “high quality food”. How should “high quality” be defined and should nutritional value feature in that?
26 March 2024
The final workshop in the Scotland-Europe Initiative series, held in partnership with Scotland Europa and the Europa Institute at the University of Edinburgh, focused on the findings of the past workshops in the series. It explored the gamut of Scotland’s relations with the EU, along four axes: research and innovation; regulatory con-/divergence; climate change/green new deal; and Scottish links with European institutions.
Now that the UK has re-associated with the Horizon programme, the discussion looked at what opportunities there are for new and enhanced collaboration between Scottish/UK research bodies and their European counterparts and in which fields. It also questioned: how far will Scottish/British companies and other entities have to pursue regulatory alignment with the EU if they are to prosper? What contribution can Scotland, as a self-styled green nation, make to overcoming the climate emergency? How can Scottish government and civil society remain connected to European policy networks?
This workshop offered a special opportunity for European policy-makers and EU civil society to join with their Scottish and UK equivalents in examining an array of public policy issues in the context of Scottish-EU relations as a whole, to learn from each other and to plot a fruitful way forward together.
Video: EU after the watershed: beyond interdependence?
Dr Fabian Zuleeg, Chief Executive, European Policy Centre on the multiple challenges facing the EU, both internally and externally. What does its future hold and is it still the right answer after the watershed?
Rebecca Christie, Senior fellow at Bruegel argues that by leveraging its regional leadership, the UK can shift the post-Brexit landscape towards cooperation and collaboration.
By Peter Sellar One of the much-vaunted benefits of Brexit was that there would be less red tape. In legal terms, I suppose that meant fewer laws and thus less need to comply with otherwise burdensome rules and regulations, a free-er marketplace in which, I imagine, businesses would thrive more than would be the case […]
David Gow on navigating the post-Brexit landscape as Scotland’s pursuit of EU regulatory alignment faces hurdles. While Brussels forges ahead with new standards, can Scotland keep pace? Gow shares insights from a workshop which sheds light on the challenges and the elusive quest for harmonization.
Dr Kirsty Hughes discusses Brexit’s legacy in EU-Scotland relations, arguing that while polls suggest UK’s reconsideration of EU ties, discussions remain elusive. In Scotland, EU relations are vital, so what’s next for this crucial partnership?
Dr Saskia Smellie explores Scotland’s unique stance on immigration; looking at the latest research and Scottish attitudes towards migrants and its distinctive narrative landscape and how it differs from the rest of the UK.
Professor Alan Matthews discusses how the EU’s revamped Common Agricultural Policy emphasizes sustainability and climate action, with eco-schemes and carbon farming initiatives paving the way for greener agriculture. He argues that as Scotland debates its Agriculture Bill, lessons from EU reforms offer valuable insights.
Professor Maggie Gill shares insights from the Scotland-Europe Initiative workshop on Food and Agriculture, which touched on Europe’s implementation of the Farm to Fork Strategy, the delivery of the Just Transition in Scotland, and the definition of ‘high-quality’ food.
Frank Moeschler on regaining lost ground in Scottish research. As Horizon Europe and Copernicus gain momentum, he argues to leverage these platforms for collaboration, investment, and growth.
Brexit’s impact on the environment: the EU’s steady green policies vs. the UK’s fragmented approach. Post-Brexit, Baroness Young of Old Scone looks at the divergence among the four nations, and highlights the importance of cross-learning.
Exploring the evolution of UK-EU relations in foreign and security policy: from Brexit’s seismic shift to renewed cooperation post-Ukraine crisis. Benjamin Martill’s insightful analysis sheds light on this dynamic landscape.
Exploring Scotland’s evolving role in EU relations, Juliet Kaarbo and John Edward delve into the intricate interplay between substate diplomacy and the UK-EU dynamics. From economic ties to security concerns, Scotland’s stake in EU affairs defies conventional boundaries.
Professor Jan Zielonka discusses the changing landscape of Europe’s politics which he believes is marked by a shift from traditional divides to a clash between liberals and sovereigntists.
Post-Brexit environmental paths diverge: Scotland commits to EU standards, but the UK’s stance remains ambiguous. Professor James Curran delves into this divide, highlighting challenges and threats to maintaining parity with Europe’s environmental benchmarks.
Kirsty Hughes FRSE takes a look at the Scottish government’s new paper on ‘An Independent Scotland in the EU’. She notes that the paper tackles some tricky issues head-on, but there are gaps too.
Professor Roger Crofts argues that the environment is our shared responsibility and highlights challenges post-Brexit: declining standards, political influences, and the need for unified action. We must talk early, talk often, and collaborate globally to protect our planet.
Professor Paul James Cardwell delves into the aftermath of Brexit’s impact on higher education. From the farewell to Erasmus+ to the birth of Turing, it’s a complex horizon. Will the UK seek to re-join Erasmus?
Joël Reland says the subtle regulatory shifts persist post-Brexit, impacting laws, trade, and business complexity. He believes vigilance is key as new regulatory barriers emerge.
Professor Jeffrey Sharkey FRSE argues that Brexit has had a negative impact on the performing arts, causing visa issues and reduced earnings, which is driving some artists to consider leaving the industry.
Professor Sarah Prescott discusses the effects of Brexit on international study, language education, and student opportunities, including the transition from Erasmus to the Turing Scheme.
Professor Michael Keating argues that the promise of Brexit was to ‘take back control’ and establish the sovereignty and supremacy of the UK Parliament and people.
With Brexit’s impact on borders, Dr Kirsty Hughes FRSE discusses what might lie ahead for the England-Scotland border in the instance of an independent Scotland.
Lessons for Scotland’s potential EU membership. Katy Hayward discusses the Windsor Framework in relation to the Irish/Northern Irish Protocol for border management.
Dr Thomas Sampson discusses the impacts of the UK-EU Trade and Co-operation Agreement two years after it took effect and Britain left the single market and customs union.
Emma Congreve, Deputy Director and Senior Knowledge Exchange Fellow at the Fraser of Allander Institute discusses the impact of Brexit on trade in goods, services and labour.
Working group
Vanessa Glynn
Former Chair of The European Movement in Scotland
Vanessa Glynn spent her career in the UK Civil Service, working in the Diplomatic Service and for successive Scottish administrations. Her main focus was European affairs, working in the UK Representation to the EU on energy and external relations and then establishing Scotland House in Brussels and heading the Scottish Government Europe team in Edinburgh. She remains engaged in EU issues and has chaired the European Movement in Scotland.
David Gow FRSE Chairs the RSE’s Scotland-Europe Initiative. He was European Business Editor of the Guardian in Brussels (2004-12). He co-founded and co-edits sceptical.scot, sits on the Federal Trust council, is a EMiS executive, and a consultant editor for Bertelsmann Stiftung, the Jacques Delors Centre in Berlin and Europe Jacques Delors in Brussels.
Michael Keating is General Secretary of the RSE and Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Aberdeen. He is a graduate from the University of Oxford and was the first PhD from what is now Glasgow Caledonian University. Michael is a Fellow of the British Academy, Academy of Social Sciences and the European Academy. He is author or editor of some forty books and numerous journal articles on comparative European politics, nationalism, regionalism and politics and policy in Scotland. Michael has taught in universities in Scotland, England, Spain and Canada and for ten years was professor at the European University Institute in Florence. From 2013 until 2020 he was founding director of the Centre on Constitutional Change in Edinburgh.
Mark Lazarowicz
Lawyer, commentator, campaigner. Former Labour MP for Edinburgh North and Leith
Mark Lazarowicz was a member of UK Parliament for Edinburgh North & Leith, 2001 – 2015 (posts held included Shadow Minister for International Development, PPS in the Scotland Office, Prime Minister’s Special Representative on international Carbon Trading). He is an Advocate at Scottish bar, with practice mainly in public law, including a particular interest in EU citizens’ rights. He is the founder and chair of Citizens Rights Project, a Scottish charity providing information, representation, and advocacy for EU27 citizens in Scotland. Between 2018 – 2022 he was the chair of the European Movement in Scotland.
Mariot Leslie is a former British diplomat with wide experience in Europe, Asia and multilateral diplomacy. She has been UK Permanent Representative to NATO, Ambassador to Norway, member and alternate chairman of the British Government’s Joint Intelligence Committee and FCO Director General of Defence and Intelligence. Since her retirement she has been based in Scotland where she was a member of the First Minister’s Standing Council on Europe after the Brexit referendum. She is a member of the Nominations Committee of Chatham House and of the advisory boards of the Centre for European Reform and the Royal United Services Institute, and is a director of the Scottish American Investment Company.
Professor of Public Politics, University of Glasgow
Nicola McEwen is Professor of Public Politics at the University of Glasgow, and a fellow of the Centre on Constitutional Change. She specialises in nationalism, devolution and intergovernmental relations, with a focus on Scotland and the UK in comparative perspective.
Her recent research has examined the impact of Brexit on UK devolution and the future of the Union, supported by an ESRC Senior Fellowship with the UK in a Changing Europe (https://ukandeu.ac.uk/). Nicola is actively involved in informing the policy process and public debate, through media work, public engagement, and advice and support to parliaments and governments.
Irene Oldfather
Director of Strategy and Engagement, The Alliance Scotland
Irene Oldfather represents The Alliance Scotland on a range of national and advisory bodies including the Health and Social Care Partners Group, the IHub Board, the Focus on Dementia Advisory Forum, Living Well in Communities Board. As Scotland’s Third Sector representative on the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) working across The Alliance Scotland and the third sector to ensure a strong voice for the Sector in this difficult and uncertain post-Brexit environment.
As a former MSP and Chair of the Scottish Parliament European and External Affairs Committee she maintains a keen interest in parliamentary activities.
Regius Professor of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations, University of Edinburgh
Neil Walker has held the Regius Chair of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations at the University of Edinburgh since 2008. Previously he taught public law at Edinburgh between 1986-1996, was Professor of Legal and Constitutional Theory at the University of Aberdeen from 1996-2000, and then Professor of European Law at the European University Institute in Florence during 2000-2008, where he was also the first Dean of Studies.
His main area of expertise is constitutional theory. He has published extensively on the constitutional dimension of legal order at sub-state, state, EU-supranational and global levels. He has also published at length on the relationship between security, legal order and political community. He maintains a more general interest in broader questions of legal theory as well as in various substantive dimensions of UK and EU public law.
Dr Fabian Zuleeg
Chief Executive and Chief Economist, European Policy Centre
Fabian Zuleeg has been Chief Executive of the European Policy Centre since October 2013, with overall responsibility, including providing strategic direction, managing its staff and resources, and representing the EPC. He remains Chief Economist at the same time. Fabian holds a PhD from Edinburgh University and has worked in academia, the public and the private sector. He focuses on the future of European integration and how Europe can meet the triple challenge of the watershed of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the fundamental transformations (sustainability, technology, demography, and economic security) and the Permacrisis, a term he coined with EPC colleagues in 2021, in the context of internal political dis-cohesion and a contested global landscape. Fabian also focuses on transnational cooperation between European Think Tanks.
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